Using a vocal, auditory, and haptic application designed for maritime navigation, blind sailors are able to set up and manage their\r\nvoyages.However, investigation of themanner to present information remains a crucial issue to better understand spatial cognition\r\nand improve navigation without vision. In this study, we asked two participants to use SeaTouch on board and manage the ship\r\nheadings during navigation in order to follow a predefined itinerary. Two conditions were tested. Firstly, blind sailors consulted\r\nthe updated ship positions about the virtual map presented in an allocentric frame of reference (i.e., facing north). In the second\r\ncase, they used the forced-feedback device in an egocentric frame of reference (i.e., facing the ship headings). Spatial performance\r\ntended to show that the egocentric condition was better for controlling the course during displacement, whereas the allocentric\r\ncondition was more efficient for building mental representation and remembering it after the navigation task.
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